Low Ph Groundwater Discharge Drives Natural Acidification...

High pCO2, low pH groundwater discharge drives natural acidification of reefs Christina M. Richardson, Henrietta Dulai, Brian Popp, and Kathleen Ruttenberg Abstract Diel changes in the marine carbonate chemistry of reefs are thought to be primarily biologically-driven. The presence of groundwater discharge in nearshore reefs may complicate our understanding of carbon cycling in these systems, however. Here we show that coastal groundwater inputs shift and heighten biologically-induced changes in marine pH, driving natural acidification and CaCO3 dissolution along a salinity gradient in two Hawaiian coral reefs. We examined two contrasting fringing reefs with variable pCO2 (1800 - 4000 ?atm), low pHT (7.4 - 7.5), and low ?aragonite (0.3 ?†¦show more content†¦We observed changes in pHT from groundwater inputs ranging from 0.01 - 0.40 pHT units and mean daily changes of 0.04 ? 0.08 to 0.18 ? 0.16 pHT units at sites located closest to the groundwater springs. Further, our data revealed a shift in reef metabolism from net dissolution to net calcification across this groundwater-driven physicochemical gradient. At sites with high levels of g roundwater exposure, dissolution rates were elevated. Reef systems experiencing groundwater discharge may be placed under similar physicochemical constraints as expected with future ocean acidification conditions. As such, our results may shed light on how natural reef communities will respond to changes in carbonate chemistry due to ocean acidification. 1. Introduction Atmospheric CO2 levels are projected to reach 730 to 1090 ppm by 2100 due to rising anthropogenic CO2 inputs (IPCC 2007, Joos et al., 2001, Meehl et al., 2005, Wigley 2004, Wigley and Raper 2001). Oceanic uptake of CO2 is raising marine pCO2 and lowering pH as the dominant dissolved carbonate species in sea water shift from CO32- and HCO3- towards HCO3- and H2CO3, a process known as ocean acidification (OA) (Qu?r? et al., 2012). Declines in pH and ?aragonite associated with emerging changes in carbonate chemistry due to OA will impact diverse marine biota (Doney et al., 2009). Oceanic pH is predicted to decrease by 0.3 ? 0.4 pH units as a result of OA by the end of the century (Doney et al., 2009,

Feminist Analysis Of The Awakening - 1438 Words

Kira Thomas Mr. McCarthy AP Literature and Composition 10 March 2016 Feminist Analysis of The Awakening In The Awakening, Kate Chopin creates a protagonist that clearly demonstrates a feminist. The protagonist, Edna Pontellier seeks more from life than what she is living and starts to refuse the standards of the society she lives in. Edna has many moments of awakening resulting in creating a new person for herself. She starts to see the life of freedom and individuality she wants to live. The Awakening encourages feminism as a way for women to obtain freedom and choose individuality over conformity. Chopin creates a feminist story that shows a transformation from an obedient â€Å"mother-woman† to a woman who is willing to sacrifice her old life to become independent and make an identity for herself. As the novel begins we are shown Edna’s life before her escape from society’s standards. At the beginning we are shown that Edna is valued by society because of her physical appearance and is portrayed as a housewife married to a weal thy husband. On only the seventh page of the novel we are shown the lack of individuality women had during this time period. We are first introduced to Edna and Edna’s husband, Leonce. Leonce creates the income for the family as well as viewing his wife more of a possession rather than a partner. Leonce notices Edna is sunburned when she has come back from swimming and views her as â€Å"a valuable piece of property which has suffered some damage† (7).Show MoreRelatedThe Awakening Feminist Analysis1270 Words   |  6 Pagesthough through harsh political and social standards one will feel compelled to make brash decisions. Kate Chopin, author of The Awakening, provides feminist criticism of traditional motherhood, marriage, and conformity. Edna Pontellier, the female protagonist within the novel, grows to desire independence and control over her life. Throughout the story, Edna epitomizes a feminist attitude by defying the regressive standards of the Creole culture, a s exemplified through Chopin’s use of literary elementsRead MoreEssay on Feminist Protagonists in The Awakening and A Dolls House755 Words   |  4 PagesThe Feminist Protagonists in The Awakening and A Dolls House    The idea of womens liberation is a common theme in both Kate Chopins The Awakening and Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House. In her analysis of Feminism in Europe Katharine M. Rogers writes, Thinking of Noras painful disillusionment, her parting from her children, and the uncertainties of her future independent career, Ibsen called his play the tragedy of modern times (82). The main characters in each work, Nora Helmer, in A DollRead MoreEssay on A Male Dominated Society During the 19th Century952 Words   |  4 Pagesmothers and wives. A world where women had rights, control, and power was a fantasy. According to Hall, he states, â€Å"Key to all feminist methodologies is the belief that patriarchal oppression of women through history has been profound and multifaceted† (Hall 202). In other words, it is known that the male takes complete cruel supremacy over the years in our history. In The Awakening and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpa per† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, they all convey the strugglesRead MoreWolffs Analysis of Chopins The Awakening647 Words   |  3 PagesWolff’s Analysis of Chopin’s The Awakening In her essay Un-Utterable Longing: The Discourse of Feminine Sexuality in Kate Chopins The Awakening, Cynthia Griffin Wolff creates what Ross Murfin describes as a critical whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. (376) By employing a variety of critical approaches (including feminist, gender, cultural, new historicism, psychoanalytic and deconstruction) Wolff offers the reader a more complete (albeit complex) explanation of Edna PontelliersRead MoreThe Awakening: An Emergence of Womens RIghts in the Late Nineteenth Century1330 Words   |  6 PagesThe Awakening: An Emergence of Women’s Rights in the Late Nineteenth Century Kate Chopin’s The Awakening addresses the role of women within society during the late nineteenth century. The novel is set in South Louisiana, a place where tradition and culture also play a vital role in societal expectations. The novel’s protagonist, Edna Pontellier, initially fulfills her position in society as a wife and as a mother while suppressing her urges to live a life of passion and freedom. Edna’s relationshipRead MoreFeminist Literary And Cultural Theory By Donald Hall1338 Words   |  6 Pagesthe situations in which women’s equality with men is denied† (200). For example, feminist analysis is being able to recognize the different degrees of social power that are given to and used by men and women (Halls 199). While cultural feminism is one of the many types of feminism, it is an important issue in society. It mainly focuses on the stereotypical roles and characteristics that are given to women. The Awakening by Kate Chopin is an exce llent example of cultural feminism. Kate Chopin was bornRead More A Deconstructionist Critique of Chopin’s The Awakening Essay536 Words   |  3 PagesA Deconstructionist Critique of Chopin’s The Awakening The multiplicity of meanings and (re)interpretations informing critical studies of The Awakening reveal a novel ripe for deconstructionist critique. Just as Chopin evokes an image of the sea as symbolic of Edna’s shifting consciousness (â€Å"never ceasing, whispering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander in abysses of solitude,†138), likewise the deconstructionist reading of a text emphasizes fluidity over structure: â€Å"A text consistsRead MoreEssay about Yaeger’s Critique of Chopin’s The Awakening1003 Words   |  5 PagesYaeger’s Critique of Chopin’s The Awakening In â€Å"‘A Language Which Nobody Understood’: Emancipatory Strategies in The Awakening,† Patricia Yaeger questions the feminist assumption that Edna Pontellier’s adulterous behavior represent a radical challenge to patriarchal values. Using a deconstructionist method, Yaeger argues that in the novel adultery functions not as a disrupting agent of, but, rather, as a counterweight to the institution of marriage, reinforcing the very idea it purports toRead More The Metaphorical Lesbian in Chopin’s The Awakening Essay604 Words   |  3 PagesThe Metaphorical Lesbian in Chopin’s The Awakening In â€Å"The Metaphorical Lesbian: Edna Pontellier in The Awakening† Elizabeth LeBlanc asserts that the character Edna Pontellier is an example of what Bonnie Zimmerman calls the â€Å"metaphorical lesbian.† It’s important to distinguish between Zimmerman’s concept of the â€Å"metaphorical lesbian† and lesbianism. The â€Å"metaphorical lesbian† does not have to act on lesbian feelings or even become conscious of herself as a lesbian. Instead, the â€Å"metaphoricalRead MoreKate Chopin s An Hour, And Tillie Olsen s `` The Yellow Wallpaper ``1150 Words   |  5 Pagesstripped down of opportunities to their benefit economically, socially, politically, culturally, and several more ways. This essay will highlight and analyze the cultural aspects of feminism from the texts of Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening, Donald Hall’s â€Å"Feminist Analysis† from Literary and Cultural Theory, Charlotte Gilman’s short story â⠂¬ The Yellow Wallpaper†, Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, and Tillie Olsen’s short story â€Å"Tell Me A Riddle.† Cultural feminism, the ideology of the

Biometrics Term Paper Free Essays

Biometrics Meredith Thomas Strayer University 1 Biometrics, according to Foster, â€Å"is the science of using technology to automatically identify an individual based on physical, biological, and behavioral characteristics. † There are two classification systems in biometrics and they are: physiological and behavioral. Physiological characteristics pertain to fingerprints, facial recognition, DNA, hand geometry, the shape of your body, iris recognition, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Biometrics Term Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Behavioral characteristics pertain to voice recognition, handwriting, the way that you walk, etc. There are also two categories for the use of this biometric information and they are: access control, and remote identification. Access control pertains to the prevention of others from gaining access to information. Remote identification helps to identify a person through fingerprints or hand geometry. According to globalsecurity. org (2000-2010) they have given biometric technologies the following characteristics: Universality: Every person should have the characteristic. People who are mute or without fingerprints will need to be accommodated in some way. Uniqueness: Generally, no two people have identical characteristics. However, identical twins are hard to distinguish. Permanence: The characteristics should not vary with time. A person’s face, for example, may change with age. Collectability: The characteristics must be easily collectible and measurable. Performance: The method must deliver accurate results under varied environmental circumstances. Acceptability: The general public must accept the sample collection routines. Nonintrusive methods are more acceptable. Circumvention: The technology should be difficult to deceive. Now let’s get more into biometrics! Fingerprinting is one of the most popular physiological characteristics in biometrics. No two people on this earth have the exact same fingerprint, which helps in distinguishing where a person has been, and what they have touched. Once a criminals fingerprints have been recorded in IAFIS (the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System), then they a re permanently recorded and easily traced. Another physiological characteristic is facial recognition, which is newer to the scene than fingerprints. While it may be one of the easiest to use, the environment in which it is used definitely controls it. A mug-shot is the ideal way to capture facial recognition, because it is a controlled environment. One of my favorite physiological characteristics is the use of the iris for identification. According to globalsecurity. org (2000-2010), â€Å"The technology is based upon the fact that no two iris patterns are alike (the probability is higher than that of fingerprints). The iris is a protected organ which makes the identification possibilities lifelong. Criminals may be able to duplicate fingerprints, but not irises. Some behavioral characteristics associated with biometrics are, handwriting and voice recognition. Every person has their own unique handwriting, it is measured by the rhythm, pressure, and flow that one applies to the paper while writing. Voice verification is tough to analyze, because a person’s voice changes if they have a cold, or if they are over-excited, an xious, nervous, afraid. Background noise is also a factor. All of the above mentioned characteristics can be used in access control and remote identification. Iris identification is used more and more often for security purposes in passports, hospitals, high profile building access, etc. 3 There are new and emerging technologies in the biometrics field such as: vein scan, facial thermography, DNA matching, blood pulse, skin elements, nailbed identification, gait recognition, and ear shape. Vein scan is a non intrusive scan of the veins on the back of one’s hands hand, they are very unique patterns that are formed before birth, and only change in size throughout one’s lifetime. Facial thermography is very similar to facial recognition, except an infrared camera is used. Skin elements are an interesting biometric technology because just like fingerprints or irises everyone’s skin makeup is different. Gait recognition is one technology that I would have never thought of, but it makes a lot of sense. According to globalsecurity. org, â€Å"A person’s musculature essentially limits the variation of motion, and measuring requires no contact with the person. One disadvantage to gait recognition could be loose fitting clothing, the body is hidden and you don’t have much to compare. Everyday new and different technologies are emerging in the biometrics field. I can’t wait to see what happens in the next ten years, and what I will have to look forward to working with in the future. 4 Foster, Raymond E. (2005). Police Technology. Pearson Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. http://www. globalsecurity. org/security/systems/biomet rics. htm Site monitored by John Pike. How to cite Biometrics Term Paper, Essays

Ethical Behavior in the Business World free essay sample

In the business world there is no place for dishonesty, arrogance or greed. People have to be held accountable; they are responsible for upholding ethical business practices. The old adage â€Å"Ignorance is no excuse† applies in business as well as personal lives. Corporate Leaders and CEO’s have to be held to a higher standard. Ethical behavior means to act in a way that is good and mutually beneficial for the individual and society (Mautner, 2005). This statement makes me wonder who decides what is good and mutually beneficial for society and the individual in business practices. When you deal with International Business relations it is good practice to study the business culture of that country. For example Japan acts on the principle of â€Å"Wa† the ancient word for the concept of peace and harmony. It basically means circle and managers and employees work in a circle of harmony. It is important to understand International culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Behavior in the Business World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Mexico it is believed that if employees have a siesta midday production will increase. In our Western culture you would be fired if you had a siesta on the job. If a company does not take the time to study the culture and business practices of a country they can find themselves tied up in corrupt business transactions. Is it ethical to take part in corrupt international business transactions? Legal? Explain. The answer to this question depends on the country. While it may be illegal to do this in the US, there may not be any laws enforced against this in other countries because of the different culture there that allows business corruption such as bribery as a daily business practice. Thus, ethically, this is wrong on a universal basis but it is also relative in terms of wrong or right or ethical or not depending on the country and the moral base that they are using as ethics are based upon morals. Thus, in the US, it is not either legal or ethical to take part in corrupt international business transactions but it may be necessary in order to compete in business in certain parts of the world as that is the way that they do business. References: Japanese Etiquette and Ethics in Business / Edition 6 by Boye Lafayette De Mente International Business Law